Discover the enchanting world of Morocco with our comprehensive Morocco travel guide. From navigating the bustling markets and historic cities to experiencing authentic Moroccan cuisine and embracing local culture, our tips and advice will help you plan the perfect getaway. Venture beyond the postcard-perfect cities and immerse yourself in a world of unique landscapes and fascinating history. With the help of a trusted Morocco Trip Advisor, you’ll craft an unforgettable journey that will leave you yearning for more.
Key Takeaways
- Utilize a Morocco Trip Advisor for expert guidance and tailored recommendations.
- Prepare for Morocco’s varied climates with appropriate packing strategies.
- Navigate cultural norms and etiquette to ensure a respectful and enriching experience.
- Explore must-visit destinations, including Marrakech, Fez, and Chefchaouen.
- Seek out authentic Moroccan experiences for a deeper understanding of the culture and landscape.
- Plan your ideal itinerary with our top-rated travel tips and insiders’ advice.
- Use Morocco travel reviews to find the best Morocco tour guides and experiences.
Welcome to the Magic of Morocco: An Introduction
Morocco, a diverse country with an array of captivating landscapes and profound history, is a treasure trove for those seeking authentic Moroccan experiences. From bustling souks and ancient cities to the serene Sahara desert and sun-kissed coastlines, this North African gem promises an unforgettable adventure. In the following sections, we will offer you Morocco itinerary suggestions and travel tips to make your Moroccan journey extraordinary.
As you embark on your Moroccan adventure, it is essential to embrace the nation’s unique cultural identity and varied geography. Doing so will allow you to immerse yourself in the authentic morocco experiences and truly appreciate the country’s stunning allure.
“Luxury is in every detail.” – Hubert de Givenchy
Here are some noteworthy aspects of Moroccan culture and landscapes you can look forward to experiencing:
- Historic Imperial Cities: Discover the enchanting past and vibrant present of Moroccan cities like Marrakech, Fes, Meknes, and Rabat.
- Architectural Marvels: Admire the intricate details and variety of Moroccan architecture, from grand palaces and mosques to humble homes and bustling marketplaces.
- Rich Cultural Traditions: Engage with Moroccan customs and rituals, such as mint tea ceremonies, henna body art, and traditional music performances.
- Natural Beauty: Explore Morocco’s diverse landscapes, ranging from the sands of the Sahara to the serene beauty of the Atlas Mountains and stunning coastal vistas.
With alluring experiences around every corner, you’ll be sure to find yourself enchanted by Morocco’s magic. To ensure you make the most of this beautiful destination, our upcoming sections will offer valuable Morocco travel tips and itinerary suggestions to guide you on your unforgettable journey. Keep reading to discover the secrets to unlocking the true essence of Morocco.
Morocco Travel Tips to Know Before You Go
Preparing for a trip to Morocco involves understanding the country’s unique culture, climate, and customs. With Morocco’s varied climates and distinctive cultural norms, having adequate knowledge and the right packing strategy will keep you comfortable and help ensure a respectful, enjoyable experience. In this section, we will provide crucial Morocco travel tips for a smooth and unforgettable journey.
If you are visiting sacred sites, make sure to dress modestly and be respectful. Learning some basic Moroccan Arabic phrases can be a great ice-breaker and will help build rapport with the locals.
Packing Essentials for Morocco’s Varied Climates
From barren deserts to lush forests, Morocco has a wide range of climatic conditions that require careful packing choices. Below are some key clothing and gear recommendations suited for your adventure.
- Lightweight, breathable clothing: Both cotton and linen are ideal for Morocco’s hot and arid environments.
- Warm layers: Evenings in the desert, mountains, or cooler months can be chilly, requiring warmer clothing like a fleece or light down jacket.
- Footwear: Comfortable walking shoes are essential, as you may need to traverse cobblestone streets and rocky paths. Sandals are also useful for hot days and beach visits.
- Travel-sized toiletries: Carry essentials like hand sanitizer and sunscreen, especially those that cater to sensitive skin.
- Accessories: Pack sunglasses, a sun hat, and a lightweight scarf or shawl to protect against sunburn and respect local dress codes.
Navigating Cultural Norms and Etiquette
Being aware of local customs and etiquette is a fundamental aspect of respectful and immersive travel. By understanding Morocco’s cultural norms, you’ll foster positive interactions with locals and minimize feelings of culture shock during your trip.
Etiquette | Recommendation |
---|---|
Dress code | Dress modestly by covering shoulders, knees, and avoiding tight or revealing outfits, especially in conservative areas. |
Greeting and gestures | Use your right hand for shaking hands, eating, and handling money. Avoid using your left hand, as it is considered unclean. |
Gender interactions | Be mindful of social interactions between men and women, as public displays of affection are frowned upon. Limit physical contact, especially between opposite genders. |
Photography etiquette | Ask locals for permission before taking their photographs, as some Moroccans may be uncomfortable having their picture taken. |
With these Morocco travel tips in mind, your journey will be an enjoyable and memorable adventure that respects local customs and prepares you for the country’s diverse climates. Happy travels!
Creating Your Morocco Itinerary: Top Places to Visit
As you embark on your Moroccan adventure, having a well-crafted itinerary is essential for a fulfilling experience. Dive into the rich history, vibrant culture, and breathtaking landscapes of this North African gem as we present you with Morocco itinerary suggestions. Discover the top places to visit in Morocco, both famous and lesser-known, and some practical advice on how to organize your time in each destination.
- Marrakech
- Fes
- Casablanca
- Chefchaouen
- Merzouga
- Essaouira
- Agadir
- High Atlas Mountains
- Rabat
- Ouarzazate
You will never forget the vibrant colors, overwhelming scents, and mesmerizing sights that await you on your Moroccan journey.
With so many enchanting cities and locations to explore, it can be challenging to determine which places are a must-visit for your trip. Below is a comprehensive list of destinations, both renowned and off-the-beaten-track, offering a balance of traditional and unconventional experiences.
Must-See Cities and Attractions
While every traveler’s preferences may vary, there are some universally acclaimed destinations within Morocco that should not be missed. These cities boast unique charm, history, and atmosphere that perfectly showcase the heart and soul of Morocco.
City/Attraction | Description |
---|---|
Marrakech | Known as the “Red City” for its distinctive ochre walls, Marrakech is famous for its bustling souks, historic architecture, and vibrant culinary scene. |
Fes | Regarded as the cultural and spiritual center of Morocco, Fes offers a glimpse into the country’s rich history and traditions through its well-preserved architecture and artisan quarters. |
Casablanca | A modern and cosmopolitan city, Casablanca combines Moroccan tradition with contemporary culture, showcased splendidly by the impressive Hassan II Mosque. |
Chefchaouen | The “Blue Pearl” of Morocco enchants visitors with its blue-hued streets and tranquil atmosphere, offering a peaceful oasis amidst the hustle and bustle of Moroccan life. |
Allow sufficient time to soak in the atmosphere and explore each city in depth, prioritizing the destinations that best suit your interests. Some travelers may prioritize culturally-focused experiences, while others may be drawn to outdoor activities and natural wonders. No matter what your preferences, Morocco has something for everyone.
Hidden Gems of Morocco
Beyond the well-trodden paths, Morocco offers countless hidden gems waiting to be discovered by intrepid travelers. Venture away from the tourist hotspots, and indulge in authentic local experiences that capture the essence of Moroccan life.
- Experience the enchanting world of the desert by visiting the golden dunes of Merzouga
- Unwind in the bohemian haven of Essaouira, known for its stunning seaside views and vibrant arts scene
- Take a peaceful stroll through the lush gardens and palaces of Rabat
- Discover Ouarzazate, the “Door of the Desert” and a gateway to the Sahara
Balance your itinerary with a blend of must-see cities, attractions, and lesser-known destinations, molding your Moroccan journey into an unforgettable adventure that caters to your unique interests and passions.
Finding the Best Morocco Travel Reviews for Authentic Experiences
When planning a trip to Morocco, it’s essential to have access to reliable information for an authentic and memorable experience. Here we explore how to find the best Morocco travel reviews and use Morocco Trip Advisor forums to gather up-to-date advice from fellow travelers and locals. We’ll also discuss selecting top-rated Morocco tour guides to enhance your journey.
Utilizing Morocco Trip Advisor Forums for Up-to-Date Advice
Morocco Trip Advisor forums are an excellent source of real-time advice and insider tips to help you plan your Moroccan holiday. By participating in these forums, you can:
- Gain insights from fellow travelers’ experiences
- Receive recommendations for accommodations, attractions, and restaurants
- Get up-to-date information on travel restrictions, safety, and local events
- Ask specific questions and receive personalized advice from experts and locals
To benefit from Morocco Trip Advisor forums, simply sign up for a free account, search for topics relevant to your interests, and engage with other users. Through these forums, you’ll discover valuable information that isn’t always available through travel guidebooks or mainstream websites.
Selecting Top-Rated Morocco Tour Guides
An experienced local tour guide can make all the difference in your Moroccan journey. You’ll not only receive personalized guidance and expertise, but also gain a deeper understanding of Moroccan culture and traditions. To find top-rated Morocco tour guides, consider the following steps:
- Research Morocco Trip Advisor forums and other online platforms for recommendations and reviews.
- Consult local tourism boards or travel agencies for a list of certified guides.
- Pay attention to guides who consistently receive positive feedback regarding their knowledge, communication skills, and overall professionalism.
- Reach out to potential guides directly, asking about their experience, qualifications, and areas of expertise.
By selecting a top-rated Morocco tour guide, you’ll ensure an authentic, informative, and unforgettable travel experience.
Trip planning tip: Always consider travel reviews and personal recommendations when selecting Morocco tour guides and crafting your itinerary for an enriching and authentic vacation.
In conclusion, the combination of insights from best Morocco travel reviews, engaging with the Morocco Trip Advisor forums, and selecting top-rated Morocco tour guides will ultimately result in a more informed, authentic, and unforgettable Moroccan adventure.
Morocco Vacation Planning: When to Visit
Deciding on the best time to visit Morocco is an essential part of your Morocco vacation planning. The country offers diverse landscapes and climates, which means that the ideal time for your visit may vary depending on your preferences and desired experiences. In this section, we will guide you through the factors to consider when choosing the optimal time for your Moroccan adventure, including weather patterns, tourist seasons, and cultural events.
Typically, the best time to visit Morocco is during the shoulder seasons of spring (April to May) and fall (September to October), as temperatures are moderate, the landscapes are beautifully lush, and the tourist crowds are not as overwhelming as in the peak summer months.
Morocco’s shoulder seasons provide a comfortable climate, stunning natural beauty, and culturally immersive experiences.
However, the best time for your visit may vary depending on your priorities and preferences. To help you decide, consider the following factors:
- Weather patterns
- Tourist seasons
- Cultural events
Weather patterns: Morocco’s geography creates a complex climate, with warm coastal areas, cooler mountain regions, and an arid desert. Each region may have slightly different ideal travel times. For example, the coastal cities of Casablanca and Essaouira may be more enjoyable during spring and fall, while the Sahara desert is most comfortable between October and April.
Tourist seasons: As mentioned, the shoulder seasons (April-May and September-October) blend pleasant weather and less crowded destinations. However, some travelers may prefer the livelier atmosphere and vibrant social events offered during the peak summer months of July and August. Keep in mind that popular attractions can become crowded and accommodations prices often increase during peak season.
Cultural events: Morocco is a country rich in culture and tradition, and attending local festivals or events can be an unforgettable experience. Some notable events include the Gnaoua World Music Festival in Essaouira in June, the Fes Festival of World Sacred Music in May or June, and Imilchil Marriage Festival in the High Atlas Mountains in September. Plan your trip around these vibrant celebrations to experience authentic Moroccan culture at its finest.
Season | Weather | Top Experiences |
---|---|---|
Spring (April-May) | Moderate temperatures, lush landscapes | Rose Festival, hiking in the Atlas Mountains, exploring coastal cities |
Summer (June-August) | Hot weather, especially in the inland areas | Gnaoua World Music Festival, beach vacations, vibrant nightlife |
Fall (September-October) | Mild temperatures, stunning autumn colors | Fes Festival of World Sacred Music, Imilchil Marriage Festival, exploring the Sahara Desert |
Winter (November-March) | Variable weather, cooler temperatures in some regions | Skiing in the Atlas Mountains, shopping in the bustling city souks |
Ultimately, the best time to visit Morocco depends on your personal preferences and desired experiences. By considering factors such as weather, tourist seasons, and cultural events, as well as consulting this guide and resources such as Morocco vacation planning experts, you’ll be well-prepared to make the most of your Moroccan adventure.
Must-Visit Places in Morocco for First-Timers
When planning your first trip to Morocco, it’s essential to include these must-visit places in your itinerary. From the vibrant atmosphere of Marrakech to the historical landmarks of Fez, and the mesmerizing streets of Chefchaouen, ensure you don’t miss out on the magic that awaits you in this enchanting country.
Marrakech: The Red City
Marrakech, also known as the Red City due to its captivating red sandstone architecture, is a bustling and colorful place that will leave you longing for more. Some of the highlights include:
- Jemaa el-Fnaa: This bustling square is the heart of Marrakech. Filled with street performers, vendors, and delicious traditional food stalls, there’s never a dull moment in this vibrant locale.
- Koutoubia Mosque: As the largest mosque in Marrakech, this iconic landmark is a stunning example of Islamic architecture and a must-see during your visit.
- Le Jardin Majorelle: A tranquil haven within the city, this beautifully landscaped garden offers a peaceful retreat from the lively streets.
Fez: The Cultural Heart
Fez is considered the cultural and spiritual center of Morocco, boasting an abundance of historical sites, artisan quarters, and immersive experiences that showcase the rich Moroccan heritage. Don’t miss out on these noteworthy attractions:
- Al Quaraouiyine University: Known as the oldest continuously operating university in the world, this historic institution is a testament to the country’s academic legacy.
- Dar Batha Museum: Housed in a 19th-century palace, this museum showcases the masterful craftsmanship of Fez, including ceramics, woodwork, and textiles.
- Al-Attarine Madrasa: This exquisite 14th-century religious school is a fine example of intricate Moroccan architecture that’s sure to leave you in awe.
Chefchaouen: The Blue Pearl
Nestled in the Rif Mountains, Chefchaouen, or “The Blue Pearl,” is famous for its charming streets adorned with various shades of blue. This picturesque town is the perfect backdrop for photography and provides a peaceful atmosphere for relaxation. While in Chefchaouen, be sure to visit:
- Outa el Hammam Square: An ideal spot to soak in the town’s ambiance, this central square is surrounded by cafes, restaurants, and local shops.
- Ras el-Ma Waterfall: Just a short walk from the town center, this tranquil waterfall provides a refreshing escape from the heat and a popular spot for locals to socialize.
- The Kasbah: This historic fortress offers visitors a glimpse into the rich history of Chefchaouen and features a lovely garden, museum, and panoramic views of the town.
Incorporating these must-visit places in Morocco into your travel plans will ensure a memorable and authentic experience. As you explore the wonders of Marrakech, Fez, and Chefchaouen, the rich culture and vivid landscapes of Morocco will captivate your senses and leave you longing to return.
Immersing Yourself in Authentic Moroccan Experiences
Traveling to Morocco offers an abundance of opportunities to engage in authentic Moroccan experiences. For a truly immersive travel experience, dive into the rich culture by partaking in local activities and living like the locals. Here are a few hands-on experiences that allow you to become an active participant in Moroccan traditions and customs:
- Traditional Moroccan cooking classes
- Learning local crafts like pottery making and carpet weaving
- Experiencing a local homestay with a Moroccan family
Indulging in Moroccan cuisine is an excellent way to immerse yourself in the unique flavors and textures of the region. Not only can you learn how to prepare authentic dishes like tajines and couscous in local cooking classes, but you can also visit traditional food markets to discover an array of flavorful spices, mouthwatering produce, and fresh-caught seafood. Additionally, dining at local eateries where families, street vendors, and local chefs cook up simple yet delectable treats allows your taste buds to embark on a distinctly Moroccan adventure.
“One cannot think well, love well, sleep well, if one has not dined well.” – Virginia Woolf, on the importance of great food experiences while traveling
Another way to genuinely connect with Morocco’s heritage is through learning, practicing, and appreciating traditional crafts. Taking workshops in pottery making, metalwork, and carpet weaving enable travelers to acquire new artistic skills and gain insight into the Moroccan way of life. Bringing home a one-of-a-kind, handcrafted souvenir offers a meaningful reminder of your time spent immersed in Moroccan culture.
A local homestay is an unmissable experience during your immersive travel in Morocco. Staying in a Moroccan family’s home is not just a unique way to experience the country’s warm hospitality, but it also provides a chance to build cherished relationships with your gracious hosts. Through cultural exchanges, home-cooked meals, and everyday interactions, you’ll gain a deeper understanding of the Moroccan way of life, making your journey all the more exceptional.
To make the most of your Moroccan adventure, keep an open mind and an eagerness to engage in the incredible experiences that await. Both active and curious travelers will find a wealth of authentic Moroccan experiences to explore, enriching their memories and ensuring a once-in-a-lifetime journey!
Exploring Morocco Beyond the Beaten Path
While the enchanting cities of Marrakech, Fes, and Chefchaouen are must-see destinations, Morocco also offers several unforgettable experiences for adventurous travelers who wish to explore the country beyond the mainstream tourist attractions. From exhilarating desert adventures to serene seaside retreats, the diversity of Moroccan landscapes presents you with a myriad of opportunities for unique and memorable experiences.
Desert Adventures: From Camel Treks to Luxury Camps
Morocco desert adventures are an essential part of any journey to this captivating country, offering an evocative glimpse into the vast, mysterious Sahara. Embarking on camel treks in Morocco is one of the most popular ways to explore the desert, allowing you to traverse the rolling sand dunes while experiencing traditional transportation methods. Camel treks often include stops at nomadic tents, where you can rest and partake in Berber culture, music, and cuisine.
For those seeking more luxurious accommodations, Morocco also boasts several high-end desert camps that combine the thrill of adventure with the comforts of a boutique hotel. These luxury camps feature well-appointed tents, delectable meals, and opportunities to partake in activities such as sandboarding, stargazing, or hot air ballooning, all while being immersed in the breathtaking beauty of the Sahara.
Seaside Retreats: Morocco’s Best Beaches
Morocco’s rich coastline offers an impressive array of options for seaside retreats, with stunning beaches that cater to a wide array of preferences, from relaxation and sunbathing to water sports and scenic walks. Below, we have compiled a list of Morocco’s best beaches, to help you choose the ideal spot for your coastal getaway:
- Legzira Beach: Known for its dramatic red rock arches, Legzira Beach is an idyllic spot for photography enthusiasts and nature lovers.
- Oualidia: This sheltered lagoon provides calm waters for swimming and a variety of water sports, making it an excellent choice for families and watersports enthusiasts.
- Taghazout: A famous surf destination, Taghazout boasts consistent waves, relaxed vibes, and a friendly surf community.
- Asilah: A tranquil, picturesque beach town where you can unwind and take in the historic charm of its white-washed buildings and narrow streets.
Whether you prefer the adrenaline rush of an action-packed desert adventure or the serenity of a seaside retreat, Morocco’s diverse landscapes provide a plethora of remarkable experiences that are sure to satisfy the wanderlust in you. From camel treks in Morocco to discovering the beauty of Morocco’s best beaches, embrace the excitement of exploring uncharted territories and immerse yourself in the authentic experiences that the Kingdom of Morocco has to offer.
Morocco Travel Recommendations for Cuisine Lovers
Traveling to Morocco offers a delightful culinary journey for food enthusiasts. The rich tapestry of flavors, textures, and aromas found in Moroccan cuisine will leave you craving more. To make the most of your epicurean adventure, use these Morocco travel recommendations to indulge in the best of Moroccan cuisine.
“Moroccan cuisine is a delectable blend of Arab, Berber, and Mediterranean influences.”
Traditional dishes to try:
- Tajine – A slow-cooked stew of tender meat, vegetables, and aromatic spices.
- Couscous – A classic Moroccan dish, often served with vegetables and meat or fish.
- Harira – A savory and spicy soup made with lentils, tomatoes, and chickpeas.
- B’stilla – A delicious sweet-and-savory pigeon pie encased in crispy, flaky pastry.
- Kefta – Ground meat (usually beef or lamb) seasoned with herbs and spices, often grilled or cooked in a tagine.
- Zaalouk – A smoky eggplant and tomato salad, seasoned with garlic and spices.
Where to find the best food:
- Local markets – Visiting the local souks (markets) offers an opportunity to sample various Moroccan street foods, such as brochettes (grilled meat skewers), Maakouda (deep-fried potato balls), and freshly baked baghrir (Moroccan pancakes).
- Traditional restaurants – Dine at a traditional Moroccan restaurant, known as a “riad” or a “dar”, for an authentic, atmospheric experience. Some popular options include Dar Yacout in Marrakech and Dar Hatim in Fez.
- Home-cooked experiences – Try a local home-cooked meal by booking a Moroccan cooking class or searching for a homestay that offers home-cooked meals.
Tip | Description |
---|---|
Drink bottled water | While tap water is often safe in large cities, it’s generally recommended to stick to filtered or bottled water for drinking and brushing your teeth. |
Wash fruits and vegetables | Make sure to wash any fresh produce thoroughly, particularly if it’s something you’ll be eating raw, like a salad. |
Opt for cooked food | Hot, freshly cooked dishes are more likely to be safe, whereas cold, pre-prepared dishes may pose a greater risk. |
Choose eateries carefully | When dining out, select clean establishments with a high turnover of customers, as they are more likely to serve fresh, sanitary food. |
Embrace the flavors of Morocco and relish in its culinary wonders with these Morocco travel recommendations. Your taste buds will thank you for giving them a taste of this vibrant and delectable cuisine.
Wrapping Up Your Morocco Adventure
From essential travel tips and alluring destinations to the flavorful cuisine and cultural experiences, Morocco is a mesmerizing treasure waiting to be discovered by the curious traveler. Through careful planning and leveraging the insights offered by a trusted Morocco Trip Advisor, you can create an unforgettable journey tailored to your interests and preferences.
Take advantage of Morocco Trip Advisor forums, top-rated tour guides, and reliable recommendations, aiming to experience the vibrant beauty of cities like Marrakech, Fez, and Chefchaouen, while also venturing off the beaten path for unique desert adventures and seaside retreats. Remember to immerse yourself in authentic Moroccan experiences by engaging in local workshops and cultural activities.
In conclusion, the magic of Morocco awaits those who are willing to embrace its diverse landscapes, rich culture, and incredible history. To make the most of your visit, prioritize planning with expert guidance and genuine understanding. Happy travels, and may your memories of Morocco last a lifetime!
FAQ
What are the essential items to pack for Morocco’s varied climates?
To be prepared for Morocco’s diverse weather conditions, pack lightweight clothing, sun protection, and appropriate attire that adheres to cultural sensitivity. Layers are essential to accommodate for temperature fluctuations between day and night, especially in the Atlas Mountains.
What should I know about Moroccan cultural norms and etiquette?
It’s important to understand local customs such as a modest dress code, particularly for women, and polite social conduct, like greeting locals with traditional phrases in Arabic. Be respectful of religious beliefs and customs, especially during the month of Ramadan.
How can I get recommendations and travel advice from Morocco Trip Advisor forums?
Visit the Morocco Trip Advisor forums to connect with fellow travelers and locals sharing up-to-date advice, reviews, and recommendations. Feel free to ask questions and seek out specific information relevant to your interests and travel preferences.
What are some must-visit places in Morocco for first-time visitors?
For first-time visitors, Marrakech, Fez, and Chefchaouen are essential destinations. Explore Marrakech’s bustling souks, historic architecture, and vibrant culinary scene; visit Fez for its rich history and artisan quarters; and enjoy the picturesque, blue city of Chefchaouen.
How can I find top-rated Morocco tour guides for an authentic experience?
Research and select a tour guide with excellent reviews on Morocco Trip Advisor and other travel review platforms. Look for guides who are knowledgeable, friendly, and experienced in sharing local insights and authentic experiences tailored to your interests.
What are some authentic Moroccan experiences I can participate in?
Immerse yourself in Moroccan culture with activities like traditional cooking classes, craft workshops, and local homestays. These experiences offer a deep understanding and appreciation of Morocco’s rich heritage, customs, and local life.
When is the best time to visit Morocco?
The ideal time to visit Morocco depends on your preferred weather conditions, tolerance for tourist crowds, and interest in cultural events. Generally, spring (April to May) and fall (September to November) offer pleasant temperatures and fewer tourists. Keep in mind that Ramadan may affect the operating hours of some attractions and restaurants.
What are some recommended Moroccan dishes for cuisine lovers?
Morocco offers a diverse and flavorful array of culinary delights. Some must-try dishes include tagine (a traditional slow-cooked stew), couscous, pastilla, harira, and various street foods like kefta and merguez. For food safety, choose well-reviewed restaurants and busy street vendors with high food turnover.
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